Linux for Beginners: A Step-by-Step Guide to Getting Started

Are you ready to explore the exciting world of Linux? If you’re curious about how to set up your first Linux machine but don't know where to get started, you’ve come to the right place. I have recently been asked by several people if they should consider using Linux and if so, asked how easy it was to get setup. Realizing there may be many of you out there asking the same questions, I decided to put together this beginner guide for you (all of us started at the same point) with easy to follow directions on how to get started with your journey into Linux. And guess what? You don't need your wallet for any of the software! Furthermore, no matter what you've heard in the past, it is very easy to get started on Linux. Whether you want to use Linux for personal tasks, development work, or just to join the vibrant open-source community, you'll find all the information you need right here.

What is Linux?

Linux is an open-source operating system that powers various devices, from smartphones to supercomputers. Its unique feature is that users can modify and share its source code freely. According to the Linux Foundation, over 70% of the world's servers run on Linux. This makes it a favorite among tech enthusiasts, developers, and privacy-conscious users. With numerous distributions available, you'll find one tailored to your needs.

In the past, you may have needed to be a bit more of an advanced tech enthusiast to use a version of Linux but, the Linux of today has come a long way for being user friendly. While it is a very powerful system with the command line terminal, beginners can do everything they ever need without it. If you can use Windows or MacOS, you can use Linux.

Why Choose Linux?

You may wonder why Linux is worth your attention compared to other operating systems, especially given the vast amount of options available today. The choice of an operating system can significantly influence your computing experience, productivity, and even your security. Here are several compelling reasons that stand out and make Linux a noteworthy contender and quite possibly, your go to daily driver:

1. Open Source: One of the most significant advantages of Linux is that it is open-source software. This means that the source code is freely available for anyone to view, modify, and enhance. If you have programming skills, you can customize Linux in virtually any way you desire, tailoring it to meet your specific needs or preferences. This level of flexibility is not commonly found in proprietary operating systems, which often restrict user modifications. Additionally, the open-source nature fosters innovation, as developers worldwide can contribute to the improvement of the software, leading to a continuously evolving ecosystem.
2. Security: Security is a paramount concern in today's digital world, and Linux has established a reputation for being more secure than many other operating systems. The design of Linux inherently makes it more resistant to viruses and malware. Studies have shown that Linux systems experience at least 50% fewer security vulnerabilities compared to Windows. This is partly due to the way users operate within the system; Linux typically requires administrative privileges for installation and significant changes, which helps prevent unauthorized access. Furthermore, the active community of developers continuously works to patch vulnerabilities, if they arise, ensuring that security updates are regularly released and implemented.
3. Community Support: Another noteworthy aspect of Linux is its strong and vibrant community support. With a vast number of users and developers, you will find an abundance of resources available to assist you. Whether you are looking for tutorials, guides, forums, or troubleshooting assistance, the Linux community is ready to help. Many distributions have dedicated forums where users can ask questions and share knowledge, fostering a collaborative environment. This community-driven support is invaluable, especially for newcomers who may feel overwhelmed by the transition from other operating systems.
4. Cost: Cost is a significant factor for many users when choosing an operating system, and Linux shines in this regard. Most Linux distributions are completely free to download and use, making it a cost-effective option for individuals, businesses, and educational institutions alike. Even most productivity software is Open Source and comes built into the OS itself in many cases. This accessibility allows users to harness the power of a robust operating system without incurring licensing fees. Additionally, because Linux is often less resource-intensive than commercial operating systems, users can revitalize older hardware, extending its life and utility without the need for costly upgrades. So, if you have an aging laptop or PC, don't get rid of it! Install Linux and you have a whole new computer to use!

Choosing a Distribution

With your interest now even further piqued, it's time to delve into the exciting world of Linux and pick a distribution, often referred to as a "distro." Each Linux distribution has its own unique characteristics, strengths, and community support, making it essential to choose one that aligns with your specific needs and preferences. Here are some popular beginner-friendly options, each with distinct features that cater to various user requirements, and if you like, you can head on over to Distro Watch to see a ranking list of the most popular distributions and more information about them:

DistroWatch.com: Put the fun back into computing. Use Linux, BSD.

News and feature lists of Linux and BSD distributions.

3CX - Software Based VoIP IP PBX / PABXDistroWatch

• Ubuntu: Renowned for its user-friendly interface and robust performance, Ubuntu is one of the most popular Linux distributions available today. It boasts a vast and active community that offers excellent support through forums, tutorials, and documentation. Ubuntu is equipped with a wide range of pre-installed software, making it suitable for everyday tasks such as browsing the internet, office work, and multimedia consumption. Additionally, its Software Center provides easy access to thousands of applications, allowing users to customize their experience effortlessly. For newcomers, the regular release cycle ensures that they receive the latest features and security updates, making Ubuntu a reliable choice for those just starting their journey into Linux. It requires slightly higher resource power to run so if you are looking to put it on a box that is quite old, I would recommend Linux Mint over Ubuntu.

• Linux Mint: One of my favourite distros and one that I always recommend for beginners, Linux Mint is particularly favored by users who are transitioning from Windows due to its familiar layout and intuitive interface. It is designed to provide a comfortable and seamless experience for those who may feel overwhelmed by the differences in operating systems. Mint comes with a variety of desktop environments, allowing users to choose one that best suits their style, whether it be Cinnamon, MATE, or Xfce. This distribution also focuses on providing a comprehensive set of tools and applications right out of the box, ensuring that users can perform essential tasks without needing to install additional software. The strong emphasis on user experience and simplicity makes Linux Mint an excellent option for beginners.

• Fedora: For those who are eager to explore the latest technologies and innovations, Fedora serves as a cutting-edge distribution that frequently incorporates the newest features and updates from the open-source community. It is a great choice for users who enjoy experimenting with advanced software and tools. Fedora is known for its commitment to free and open-source software, which means that it prioritizes the use of software that respects user freedom. This distribution is also backed by Red Hat, a major player in the enterprise Linux market, which lends it a level of credibility and stability. While Fedora may require a bit more technical knowledge than some other distributions, its vibrant community and extensive documentation provide ample resources for beginners willing to learn.

• Zorin OS: Zorin OS is meticulously crafted with user-friendliness at its core, making it an ideal choice for those new to Linux. Its interface is designed to resemble Windows, which helps to ease the transition for users familiar with Microsoft’s operating system. Zorin OS not only offers a smooth and visually appealing experience but also comes with a variety of essential applications pre-installed, ensuring that users can get started right away. The Zorin Appearance tool allows for further customization, enabling users to tweak the look and feel of their desktop environment to their liking. This distribution also places a strong emphasis on performance and security, making it a solid option for both personal and professional use.

Take your time to research these options thoroughly, considering factors such as your computing needs, hardware compatibility, and personal preferences. Each distribution has its own strengths, and finding the right one for you can greatly enhance your Linux experience. Whether you prioritize ease of use, cutting-edge technology, or a familiar interface, there is a Linux distribution out there (over 100 of them) that will meet your requirements and help you make the most of your journey into the world of open-source software. But like I said earlier, if you want a solid performing distro with incredible ease-of-use, I would go with Linux Mint.

System Requirements

Before you install your chosen distribution, ensure that your system meets the minimum requirements. Most distributions generally need:

• Processor: At least 1 GHz.
• RAM: Minimum 2 GB (4 GB is recommended for better performance).
• Disk Space: 25 GB of free space at a minimum.

Remember to check the specific requirements for the distro you selected as they may vary slightly.

Preparing for Installation

Preparation is key as you embark on your Linux journey. Here’s how to get ready for installation:

1. Backup Your Data

Always back up your important data before making significant changes to your system. You can use external hard drives or popular cloud services like Google Drive or Dropbox to ensure your files are safe.

2. Create a Bootable USB Drive

To install Linux on your computer, one of the essential steps is to create a bootable USB drive. This process allows you to run the Linux operating system directly from the USB stick, or install it onto your hard drive. Below are detailed instructions on how to accomplish this task effectively:

1. Download the ISO file of your chosen Linux distribution. This file is an image of the operating system that contains all the necessary files needed for installation. Popular distributions include Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian, each offering various versions tailored for different user needs. Ensure that you download the correct version compatible with your hardware architecture, such as 32-bit or 64-bit, depending on your system specifications. The official website of the distribution typically provides the latest ISO files, along with checksums to verify the integrity of the download.
2. Use tools like Rufus for Windows or Etcher for Windows, Mac and Linux to create your bootable USB (I recommend Etcher). These tools are user-friendly and designed to simplify the process of writing the ISO file to your USB drive. Start by launching the application and selecting the ISO file you downloaded earlier. Next, choose your USB drive from the list of available devices. It is critical to ensure you select the correct drive, as the process will erase all existing data on it. Once everything is set, click on the 'Start' button to initiate the creation of your bootable USB drive. The tool will format the USB and write the ISO image, which may take several minutes depending on the size of the ISO and the speed of your USB drive.

3. Format the USB drive if prompted during the process. This step is often necessary to ensure that the USB drive is in a compatible file system format, such as FAT32, which is widely recognized by most computers during the boot process. Formatting will delete all existing data on the USB drive, so make sure to back up any important files beforehand. If the tool does not prompt you to format the drive, you can manually format it using your operating system’s disk management tools before starting the process. After formatting, you can proceed with the bootable USB creation, ensuring that the drive is ready for use in installing Linux.

3. Change Boot Order

To change the boot order of your computer, the first step is to restart your computer. As it begins to reboot, you will need to enter the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) settings. This process typically requires you to press a specific key or combination of keys immediately after powering on the device. Common keys used for this purpose include F2, F12, ESC, or DEL, but the exact key may vary depending on the manufacturer of your motherboard or laptop. It is advisable to look for a brief message on the screen during startup that indicates which key to press for entering the setup menu.

Once you successfully access the BIOS or UEFI interface, navigate to the section that manages the boot options. This section is often labeled as "Boot," "Boot Options," or "Boot Order." Within this menu, you will see a list of devices that your computer can boot from, such as the hard drive, optical drive, and USB drives. To prioritize your USB drive, you will need to adjust the order of these devices. This is typically done by selecting the USB drive from the list and using designated keys (such as + or -) to move it to the top of the list. By placing the USB drive at the top, you are instructing the computer to check it first for bootable media before attempting to boot from other devices.

After making these changes, ensure to save your settings. This is usually done by pressing the F10 key, but again, refer to the on-screen instructions for the specific key to save and exit. Once you save the changes and exit the BIOS or UEFI, your computer will restart. If the USB drive is properly prepared with a bootable operating system or recovery tool, your computer should now boot from the USB drive, allowing you to proceed with the installation, recovery, or diagnostic tasks you intended to perform. If you encounter any issues, you may need to revisit the BIOS or UEFI settings to confirm that the USB drive is recognized and correctly prioritized in the boot order.

Installing Linux

You're now ready to install Linux. Follow these steps:

1. Boot from the USB

Insert your bootable USB drive and restart your computer. Select the USB option to start the installation process.

2. Follow the Installation Wizard

Most Linux distributions have a very user-friendly installation wizard that simplifies the process for users, whether they are seasoned veterans or newcomers to the Linux world. Additionally, most have fully detailed installation guides. For example, Linux Mint has an incredible installation guide that you can follow for every single step (link below), that has full explanations along with it. Here's what to expect during this installation process:

Linux Mint Installation Guide — Linux Mint Installation Guide documentation

1. Language Selection: Upon initiating the installation, the first step usually involves selecting your preferred language. This option is crucial as it sets the language for the entire installation process and subsequently for the operating system itself. Most distributions offer a wide array of languages, allowing users from different regions to feel comfortable and at ease as they proceed with the installation.

2 . Installation Type: The next step requires you to decide on the installation type. You will typically have several options: you can choose to erase your entire hard drive, which will remove all existing data and install the Linux distribution as the sole operating system. Alternatively, you might opt to install it alongside another operating system, such as Windows or macOS, allowing you to dual-boot between them. This choice is particularly important for users who may want to retain their existing system while exploring the capabilities of Linux.

3 . Partitioning: Following the installation type selection, you will encounter the partitioning stage. This is where you can choose to manually partition your hard drive if you have specific needs or preferences regarding how your storage is organized. However, for most users, the installer typically provides an automatic partitioning option that efficiently allocates space for the Linux system without requiring in-depth technical knowledge. This automatic process is designed to optimize performance and ensure that the operating system runs smoothly on your hardware.

4 . User Information: After partitioning, the installation wizard will prompt you to set up user information. This includes creating a username and a secure password for your new Linux system. It is essential to choose a strong password to protect your account and data. Some distributions may also allow you to set up additional user accounts at this stage or configure settings related to user privileges, ensuring that your system is secure and tailored to your usage needs.

5 . Start Installation: Finally, you will reach the review stage, where you can double-check all your selections and configurations. This is an important moment to ensure that everything is as you desire before the installation begins. Once you are satisfied with your choices, you simply click the install button to commence the installation process. Depending on the distribution and your hardware, this process may take anywhere from a few minutes to over an hour. During this time, the installer will copy files, configure system settings, and prepare your new Linux environment for first-time use.

3. Restart Your Computer

After installation, you'll be prompted to restart. Remember to remove the USB drive to boot into your new Linux system.

First Steps in Your New Linux Environment

Congratulations! You’re now welcomed by your new Linux operating system, a powerful and flexible platform that opens up a world of possibilities for computing and development. As you embark on this exciting journey, here are key steps to help you get started and make the most of your new environment:

Set Up Your Desktop Environment

Most distro's have a welcome screen that will guide you through your first steps (like pictured above from Linux Mint). It is quite easy to follow and usually begins with updating computer drivers and software, or configuring your desktop environment however, this will vary by distro. The important thing is...follow the guide of first steps.

Different Linux distributions come with various desktop environments, such as GNOME, KDE Plasma, Xfce, and Cinnamon, each offering unique aesthetics and functionalities. Take some time to explore the settings and customization options available within your chosen desktop environment. You can adjust themes, icons, and wallpapers to match your personal style. Additionally, consider configuring your panel or taskbar to include shortcuts to your most-used applications, making your workflow more efficient. Don't forget to explore the accessibility options that can enhance your experience, especially if you have specific needs.

Install Software Packages

You can install software using package managers, which are tools that automate the process of installing, upgrading, configuring, and removing software packages. I recommend this method to all beginners.

Once you are ready to explore the terminal (command line terminal) you can install everything from there for further control. If you are going to start off with the terminal however:

for Ubuntu or Mint, use APT in the terminal like this:

```bash

sudo apt update

sudo apt install <package-name>

```

For Fedora, you would use `dnf`, which serves a similar purpose:

```bash

sudo dnf install <package-name>

```

Consider utilizing software repositories like Snap Store or Flatpak for easy access to various applications, including popular ones that may not be available in your default package manager. These platforms offer a wide range of software that can be installed with just a few clicks or simple commands, enhancing your computing experience significantly.

Get Familiar with the Terminal

The terminal may seem daunting at first, but it's an essential tool in the Linux ecosystem that provides powerful capabilities for managing your system. Start by becoming comfortable with basic commands such as:

• `ls`: List files in your current directory, allowing you to see what is available.
• `cd`: Change to a different directory, helping you navigate your file system efficiently.
• `cp`: Copy files or directories, which is crucial for managing your data.
• `mv`: Move or rename files, giving you the flexibility to organize your files as needed.
• `rm`: Remove files or directories, essential for cleaning up your system.

As you use Linux more, you will grow more confident with these commands. Consider practicing by creating and managing your own directory structure to become more familiar with these fundamental operations. Over time, you'll find that the terminal can be a much quicker and more efficient way to interact with your system than using graphical interfaces.

Explore System Settings

Take time to navigate through system settings. You’ll find options to manage display settings, networking configurations, audio controls, and more, which will improve your overall experience. Familiarize yourself with the settings related to power management, which can help extend battery life on laptops, and explore user account settings to manage permissions and security features. Additionally, look into the software updates section to ensure that your system remains secure and up-to-date with the latest features and patches.

Seek Out Community Resources

The online community is a wealth of information and support for new Linux users. Websites such as Ask Ubuntu, LinuxQuestions.org, and various subreddits like r/linux and r/linuxquestions are truly fantastic for troubleshooting and learning more about Linux. And remember, all of these communities welcome new users, so don't be shy to ask any questions you have. Engaging with the community can provide you with insights into best practices, tips for optimizing your system, and solutions to common problems you may encounter.

Embracing Your Linux Journey

Setting up your first Linux system is not just an empowering experience, it is a transformative journey that opens doors to countless new opportunities and avenues for exploration. When I started on my Linux journey about 15 years ago, it was an immediately rewarding experience and my only regret, was wishing that I had started sooner. Sure, I still use Windows and Mac OS, I have a need for them as well but, once you feel the power, sense of security and limitless possibilities of a great Linux distro, you will wonder why you ever used MS Windows in the first place. As you now begin your adventure, you will discover a vast amount of tools and applications that can enhance your personal projects, streamline your workflow, and even lead you to new professional pathways.

And just like any great adventure in life, you will encounter challenges along the way but, it is essential to remember that the Linux community is not only welcoming but also incredibly supportive and eager to assist newcomers. I can never emphasize this enough. This vibrant community consists of users from diverse backgrounds who share a common passion for open-source software and collaboration. Whether you seek help on forums, engage in discussions on social media, or browse through countless online resources, you will find an abundance of information and a network of individuals ready to guide you through any obstacles you may face. You will feel truly proud that you are apart of this wonderful community and it won't be long until you are helping others. Enjoy the journey ahead, enjoy exploring the many new features and functionalities that Linux offers, and most importantly—have fun experimenting and personalizing your new operating system to suit your unique needs and preferences. Happy computing!